ᐅᕙᓃᑦᑐᑎᑦ : ᐊᖏᕐᕋᖅ » ᔪᐊᔾ E. ᑕᐃᓴᓐ
ᔪᐊᔾ E. ᑕᐃᓴᓐ
ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᔪᐊᔾ ᐃᐊᒧᕆ ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᐅᓪᓗᒐᓚᓐᓂᒃ ᐹᑎᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᕿᒪᐃᓐᓇᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ, ᑕᖅᑭᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓲᓗᐊᙱᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᓯᓈᓃᑦᑐᒥᒃ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᕋᓴᓐᓂᓪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒦᑦᑐᖅ. ᐃᓅᓂᑯ 1829–ᒥ ᐱᕈᖅᓴᔪᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᓂᐅ ᔪᐊᒃ ᓯᑎᒥ (New York City), ᑐᓴᕐᕕᒥᓂᕐᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖑᕙᑦᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᐸᑦᑐᒥᓃᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᕈᒫᕈᒪᓪᓗᓂᓗ ᑕᕆᐅᒃᑯᑦ. ᐊᕙᑎᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᓪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᑲᖅᓱᓂ, ᓄᖅᑲᐅᔾᔨᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᒥᓂᒃ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᓕᕆᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖅᓂᖅᓱᓂᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᐊᕐᕙᓐᓂᐊᕆᐊᖃᑕᐅᓛᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᒪᒃᓕᐊᓚᓐᑯᑦ (McLellan).
ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᓂᕐᒥᓂ, ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᒍᒪᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᓚᖃᖅᓱᓂ ᖁᓕᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᓗ ᐊᖑᑎᓂᒃ ᐅᑮᓂᐊᕐᓗᑎᒃ ᐸᓐᓂᖅᑑᑉ ᑲᖏᖅᓱᐊᓗᐊᓂ. ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥ ᐃᓱᒪᖅᓱᖅᓱᑎᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᐅᑮᒋᐊᖓᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ. ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᐅᑎᕋᒥ ᓂᐅ ᔪᐊᒃᒧᑦ, ᐱᖃᑎᖏᑕ ᑕᒫᓃᖏᓐᓇᖁᔭᒥᓂᖓ, ᐅᑎᕐᕕᒋᓐᓂᖅᓱᓂᐅᓪᓗ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᑐᖃᒥᓂᓂ ᓴᓇᕕᒻᒥ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂ, ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ, "ᑕᖃᒋᓕᑦᓴᐅᑎᒋᔭᕋ, ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᕈᒪᓪᓕᖅᓱᖓᓗ.” ᐊᕐᕙᓂᐊᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅᑎᕈᒃᑲᓂᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ 1855–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᖃᐅᔨᓕᕐᓂᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᐅᖃᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᕿᒪᐃᓐᓇᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐴᑎᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᕌᓴᓗᑦ (Resolute) ᑎᐱᑎᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᒥᒃ ᓯᑯᓄᑦ. ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐸᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᑭᕕᒥᓂᖓ ᐱᓱᕋᔭᕝᕕᒋᓪᓗᓂᐅᓪᓗ, ᐊᕐᕙᓂᐊᖅᑎᐅᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᓇᕝᕚᑕᑦᓯᐊᑦᑕᕆᐊᖅ ᖁᕕᐊᓱᐊᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐅᓯᔭᖏᓐᓂ, ᓴᕕᕐᔪᐊᖑᐊᖅᓱᑎᒃ ᐴᑎᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᓴᕕᕐᔪᐊᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᖅᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐴᑎᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᖅᑲᐅᑎᖏᑕ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᒃᓴᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ.
ᑕᑯᒍᒃ : ᐸᓚᐃᒃ - Blake, ed., ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒦᖃᑦᑕᕐᓃᑦ Arctic Experiences, 91
ᕿᓚᒥᐅᓯᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᐊᖓᔪᖅᑳᕈᕈᒫᖅᓱᓂ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ. ᑕᐃᒪᐃᒐᔪᒻᒪᑕ ᕿᖃᖅᓯᒍᓐᓇᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᒥᓐᓂᒃ, ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ, ᖃᓪᓗᓇᐅᔭᖅᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᖑᑏᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᖏᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᕐᕙᓐᓂᐊᕆᐊᕈᒪᔪᑦ, ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐸᐅᖃᓯᐅᑎᑦᓴᐅᑎᒋᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓈᓴᖅᑕᐃᑦ ᐊᕐᕙᓐᓂᐊᕆᐊᕈᒪᔪᑦ. ᒥᑦᓯᑎᓐᓂ 1860, ᑳᐱᑕᐃᒋᔭᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᕐᕙᓐᓂᐊᕆᐊᖅᑐᓄᑦ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂᒃ ᖁᓕᓪᓗᐊᓂᒃ ᐸᓐᓂᖅᑑᑉ ᑲᖏᖅᓱᐊᓗᐊᓃᑦᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᖏᖅᓱᖓᓘᑉ ᐃᓗᐊᓄᑦ. 1871–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᒥᐊᓕᒐᐃᑦ ᒐᕙᒪᖓᑕ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᒥᓂᖓ ᐃᓚᐅᖁᓪᓗᒍ ᓵᕈᔅ ᕗᕌᓐᓯᔅ ᕼᐋᓪ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᓚᖓᑎᓐᓇᒍ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᑲᔾᔨᖓᓄᑦ. ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᖁᓕᐅᙱᒐᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖃᑎᖏᑦ –ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᐃᓴᓐ, ᐃᐲᕐᕕᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᖁᓕᑦᑐᖅ – ᐊᔪᖅᓯᐅᖅᑲᔪᒥᓃᑦ ᓯᖁᒥ ᓴᕐᕙᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᑕᖅᑭᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᕝᕙᒥᓪᓗ. ᑎᑭᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᓯᑕᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᒥᓃᑦ ᓇᑦᓯᓂᐊᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᓯᔾᔭᖓᓂ ᓛᐸᑐᐊᑉ, ᐅᖓᓯᓐᓂᓕᒃ ᑕᒫᓂᒐᓚᒃ 3,000 –ᑭᓛᒥᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓯᒋᐊᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓯᔾᔭᖓᑕ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᐃᑦ. ᖁᔭᓐᓇᖅᐳᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᒪᑦᓯᐊᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐃᓅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐃᓚᒌᑦ ᓯᓈᓃᖃᑎᒥᓃᑦ, ᐊᓐᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᓚᕿᔪᒥᓃᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ.
ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᐅᑎᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐸᓐᓂᖅᑑᑉ ᑲᖏᖅᓱᐊᓗᐊᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅᓱᓂ ᕗᓗᐊᕋᔅᒧᑦ (Florence) 1877–ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᕿᓂᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᑦᑎᖅᑎᕈᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑑᑉ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓᓄᑦ, ᐃᓚᒋᓪᓗᓂᐅᒃ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓂᖓᑕ ᓄᓇᓕᕈᖅᑎᑦᓯᒍᒪᒧᑦ ᑕᐃᑲᓂ. ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓐᓂᖅᓱᓂᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐃᓇᖏᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᕐᕙᒐᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᒥᓂᖏᑦ. ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖁᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᓂᒃ ᓂᐅᖁᔨᖃᑦᑕᓂᙱᑦᑐᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᙱᑐᐊᖅᐸᑕ, ᓂᕿᑖᖅᑎᓯᓐᓂᖅᓱᓂᓗ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᐃᑦ ᓂᕿᑦᓴᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᐅᖅᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᑖᒥᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᖅᑕᒥᓂᕐᓄᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᑕᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ, ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ, "ᑕᑎᒋᔭᕆᐊᓕᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑕᐅᓂᕐᒧᑦ...ᑖᒃᑯᐊᖑᙱᑉᐸᑕ...ᓱᒪᓪᓗᐊᕋᔭᙱᑦᑐᖓ ᑕᒫᓂ. ᓯᑯᐃᔭᓕᕐᒪᓐ, ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᐊᙶᔭᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᓐᓂᕋᒥᑭᐊᖅ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᖑᑎᓂᒃ, ᐊᕐᓇᓂᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓱᕈᓯᕐᓂᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖃᑎᒋᒍᒪᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᒧᑦ ᐊᓱᐃᓪᓛᒃ ᐅᑎᓕᕐᒥᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᐅᓱᐃᑦᑑᑉ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᖓᓄᑦ. ᐊᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓂᖏᑦᑐᖅ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂᒃ ᑕᐃᕙᑦᑕᒥᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᒫᒃ ᐃᑎ–ᑐᓐ (Ete-tun), ᓂᐊᑉ–ᐃ– ᑭᐊᓐ (Nep-e-ken), ᐅ–ᑲᔅ–ᐃ–ᐊᒃ–ᔪ (O-cas-e-ak-ju), ᓴᒻᒥ (Chummy), ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊ–ᓗ–ᑮ (A-lo-kee ). ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᑎᑭᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᒧᑦ, ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᖃᐅᔨᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔭᖅᑎᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᖁᔭᓈᕐᓂᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᙳᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐆᑦᑐᕋᕐᓂᐅᒍᒫᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᒥᒃ. ᐅᑎᖅᑐᒥᓂᐅᓕᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐸᓐᓂᖅᑑᑉ ᑲᖏᖅᓱᐊᓗᐊᓄᑦ ᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂᒋᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓇᐅᔭᖅᑕᓕᒻᒧᑦ, ᒪᓂᒪᑎᑦᓯᕕᒋᓪᓗᓂᒋᑦ ᐊᕐᕙᓂᐊᖅᑎᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᒥᒃ, ᓯᑕᒪᓂᒃ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᓂᒃ, ᓴᒃᑯᓂᒃ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓂᒃ, ᓂᐊᖂᔭᒥᒃ, ᒪᓛᓯ, ᑐᐱᕐᒥᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂᒃ ᕿᙳᑏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᓕᐅᑎᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒃᓱᕈᖅᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ.
ᑕᑯᒍᒃ : ᕼᐅᒐᐃᑦ Howgate, ed., ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓂᒥᓂᖓ ᕗᓗᐊᕋᓐᔅ The Cruise of the Florence, 122
ᑕᐃᓴᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᓕᖅᑭᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᓐᓂᖏᑦᑐᖅ. ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᓕᐅᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᓕᐊᖑᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᓯᒪᔭᖏᑕ ᒥᒃᓵᓅᖓᔪᓂᒃ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᓂᐅᕕᐊᖑᓪᓗᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦᑐᑦ. ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᒃᓱᕈᕐᓇᑐᖅᓯᐅᖅᐸᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖅᑖᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑐᓴᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᐊᓯᖕᑕᓐ, ᐆᒻᒪᑎᕐᓗᓕᕐᓂᕋᒥ ᑐᖁᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᒥᓂ 1906–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ.