ᐅᕙᓃᑦᑐᑎᑦ : ᐊᖏᕐᕋᖅ » ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧ

ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧᕐ / ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓯᖏᑦ

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᕼᐊᑦᓴᓐ ᕙᐃᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐱᓯᖏᑦ (1903-1912)

1- ᐃᒡᓗᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦ. ᐃᓚᖓᑦ ᑳᑉᑕᓐ ᐱᐊᕆᐅᑉ ᐃᓄᖁᑎᖓ ᐃᓐᖏᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓐᖏᐅᓯᐅᕙᑦᑐᒥᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᔪᖃᕋᐃᒻᒪᓐ. "ᑯᕕᐅᓪ ᐊᐃᔪᓪ ᑕᒃ", ᐃᓐᖏᖅᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᑯᓄᖓ ᐸᐃᑭ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐴᑭ (388-22)

2- ᐃᒡᓗᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦ. ᐱᓰᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓖᑦ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᕙᓐᓂᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᕆᐅᖅᑕᐅᒻᒪᑕ, ᐸᐃᑭᐅᑉ ᐃᓐᖏᖅᑕᖓ. (388-26)

3- ᐊᐃᕕᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦ. ᐅᓇ ᐱᓯᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓕᒃ ᑕᐃᔅᓱᒪᓂᐊᓗᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓐᖏᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ. ᐃᓐᖏᖅᑕᖅ ᐅᑯᓄᖓ ᐴᑭ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓲᐸᓚᐃ. (389-14)

4- ᓴᖁᐊᑑᕐᒥᐅᑦ. ᐱᓯᖅ ᑐᑦᑐᒐᓱᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᔪᖅ (389-22)

ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓐᑎᐊᓇ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᖅᕕᔾᔪᐊᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᒥᐅᑕᒥᓃᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᒐᖃᖅᕕᔾᔪᐊᖓᓄᑦ ᓂᐅ ᔪᐊᒃᒥ

ᕼᐊᑦᓴᓐ ᕙᐃᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓯᖏᑦ (1903-1912)

1903ᒥ ᐊᖅᕕᓐᓂᐊᕆᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᕼᐊᑦᓴᓐ ᕙᐃᒧᓐ, ᑳᑉᑕᓐ ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧᕐ ᐅᓯᓕᐅᔾᔨᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒧᓐ ᐄᕋᒧᓐ ᐃᐊᑎᓴᐅᑉ ᓴᓇᐅᒐᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓐᖏᔫᒥᒃ ᓂᐱᓕᐅᕆᓲᒥᒃ ᐸᑎᐅᔭᐅᔮᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᓱᓪᓕᓕᕋᓛᓄᑦ. ᓂᐱᓕᐅᕆᕙᑦᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐱᓯᕐᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐄᕋᒧᓐ ᐅᑭᐅᑯᑖᕌᓘᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑕᐃᒃᑯᐊ ᓂᐱᓕᐊᒥᓂᖏᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᑦᑎᐊᒥᓃᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᑦ ᓂᐱᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᖓᓂ. ᑕᐃᒃᑯᐊᓕ ᓂᐅ ᔪᐊᒃᒥ ᓄᓇᒥᐅᑕᒥᓂᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᒐᖃᖅᕕᔾᔪᐊᖓ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓐᑎᐊᓇᐅᑉ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᓴᖅᕕᔾᔪᐊᖓ ᐊᖏᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ, ᖃᑦᑏᓐᓇᑯᓗᐃᑦ ᓂᐱᓕᐅᖅᑕᒥᓂᖏᑦ ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒨᑉ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᖃᕋᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᓇᒥᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑎᒐᔅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᕙᒍᑦ ᓴᖅᑭᔮᖅᑎᑦᑎᕕᖓᒍᑦ.

ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧ

101 Ko ᐊᖅᕕᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐄᕋ ᑲᐃᑉ ᐳᓗᑕᓐᒥ, ᕼᐊᑦᓴᓐ ᕙᐃ, ᓄᓇᕗ&

ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧ, ᐊᑯᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᕐᓂᖓ, ᐃᓅᓕᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᑯᐸᐃ ᓯᑎᒥ 1858–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᖁᓕᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᑖᑕᖓ ᑐᖁᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᓱᕈᓯᐅᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᔪᐊᔾ ᓄᑦᑎᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᓈᓇᒥᓄᑦ ᕼᐋᑦᕗᑦ, ᑲᓂᐊᒃᑎᑲᒧᑦ (Hartford, Connecticut), ᐊᓱᐃᓪᓛᒃ ᓇᔪᒐᖅᑖᖅᑎᑕᐅᓕᕐᓂᖅᓱᓂ ᐄᔅ ᕼᐊᑦᑕᒻ ᐃᓚᒌᓂ

78 Ko ᑳᑉᑕᓐ ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧ ᓇᖏᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᑦᑐᓈᒥ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ.

(East Haddam family). ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᙱᒐᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖃᓕᖅᓱᓂ, ᐃᑭᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᐃᓪᒥ (Nile ), ᑕᐃᒃᓱᒨᓇ ᐅᒥᐊᓕᑦᑕᕆᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᔮᓐ O. ᓯᐸᐃᓱ, ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧ ᐃᑭᒪᒋᐊᖓᓯᔪᒥᓂᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᓕᐊᓯᑦᓱᓂ. ᑰᒧ ᑎᖏᕐᕋᐅᑕᓕᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓯᔪᒥᓂᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᐅᕋᒃᑯᑦ (Era (1889-1892) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑳᓐᑕᓐᑯᑦ (Canton (1893-1894) 1895–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐅᑭᐅᖃᓕᖅᓱᓂ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᙱᒐᖅᑐᓂᒃ, ᑳᐱᑕᐃᒋᔭᐅᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᓕᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᐅᕋ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒧᑦ ᑳᐱᑕᐃᒋᔭᐅᓐᓂᖅᓱᓂᓗ ᐅᒦᔭᓚᐅᙱᓐᓂᕐᒥᓐᓂ 1906–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒥᑯᐊᓕᓐ (Miquelon) ᓯᔾᔭᖓᓂ. ᑰᒧ ᑳᐱᑕᐅᖑᓐᓂᕐᒥᔪᖅᑕᐅᖅ ᐅᒧᖓ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒧᑦ A.T. Gifford 1907–ᒥ 1912–ᒧᑦ, ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᑰᒧ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᐊᖅᑎᐅᒍᓐᓃᐸᓪᓕᐊᕌᕐᔪᑦᑐᒥᓂᖅ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᓱᓕ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕙᑦᑐᒥᓂᖅ. ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ 1857 ᐊᒻᒪᓗ 1919, ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧ ᒪᕐᕈᐃᓈᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓈᖅᓯᒪᔪᒥᓂᖅ. ᐊᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᒪᕐᕈᐊᑎᖅᓱᓂ ᐅᒦᔭᖅᑐᓂ: ᐃᐅᕋ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ 1906–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᓱᐃᓪᓛᒃ ᕕᓐᐹᒃ (Finback) ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ 1919–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕐᒥ ᐅᒦᔭᕋᒥ ᐃᓱᓕᑎᑦᓱᒍᓗ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᖅᐸᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑲᓇᖕᓇᖅᐸᓯᖓᓄᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑑᑉ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᕐᓂᓂ.

ᔪᐊᔾ ᑰᒧ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᑐᐊᕆᓐᓂᖏᑕᖓ ᐃᒪᕕᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅᑎᐅᓂᓂ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕆᓂᕆᕙᑦᑕᒥᓂᖓ ᖃᐅᔨᒃᑲᓐᓂᕐᓂᖃᕈᒪᓂᖓᓄᓪᓗ ᓴᙱᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᖅᑯᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᑰᒧ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕆᕙᑦᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᖃᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᐅᕋ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᑦᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ A.T. Gifford -ᒥ ᖃᐅᑕᒫᕐᓗ ᐃᓅᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᕐᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓴᓂᐊᓂ ᖃᑎᒃᑕᓕᐅᑉ ᐄᐳ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖃᓯᐅᑎᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᐸᑦᑕᒥᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᑰᒧ ᐊᒃᓯᖅᑕᐅᓚᕿᓐᓂᕆᐊᖓᓂᒃ "ᐊᖓᒃᑯᕐᒥᒃ" ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖁᕐᖓᕐᓂ. "ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐃᓯᕙᑦᑐᒥᓃᑦ [ᑰᒧᒥᒃ] ᐊᖓᒃᑯᕐᒥ – ᐊᖓᒃᑯᖅ – ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕆᕙᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ 'ᑕᐸᐃᕐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᐸᑦᑐᒥᓂᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ' (Eber 1989: xv-xvi). ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᖅᐸᑦᑕᒥᓂᖏᑦ ᐸᐸᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᒃᓴᐃᑦ ᒥᔅᑎᒃ ᓰᐳᐊᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᒐᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ (Mystic Seaport museum) (http://www.mysticseaport.org) ᒥᔅᑎᒃ, ᑲᓂᐊᒃᑎᑲᒥ.ᒃ

ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᑰᒨᑉ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᖓᓂ ᓄᓇᙳᐊᓕᐅᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᖅ. ᖁᔭᓐᓇᒦᖏᓐᓇ, ᓄᓇᙳᐊᓕᐊᖑᓂᖓ ᓴᓪᓕᐅᑉ ᐱᒋᐊᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ 1910–ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐅᖓᑎᒃᑲᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ, ᐊᒥᓱᓕᐊᕆᓐᓂᖅᓱᓂᐅᒃ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᒥᓂᓂ ᓄᓇᙳᐊᓕᕆᓂᖅ, ᓄᓇᐅᓪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᖏᑕᓗ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᒦᑦᑐᑦ ᑕᐃᒃᓱᒨᓇ ᒥᒃᓵᓄᑦ ᑐᓴᕈᒥᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᕙᑦᑐᒥᓃᑦ ᖃᐅᑕᒫᑦ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᒥᐅᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓄᑦ (ᑰᒧ 1910)

ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑎᑕᖓᓂ ᕗᕌᓐᔅ ᐳᐊᔅ (Franz Boas) ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᖅᓯᐅᕆᓪᓗᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᐅᑉ, ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᑰᒧ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᓯᒍᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᕐᒥᔪᖅᑕᐅᖅ ᑕᐸᐃᕐᓇᖅᓱᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᖅᓯᐅᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᓐ (Ross 1984). ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐊᕐᕕᓂᐊᖅᑏᑦ, ᑳᐱ ᑰᒧ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒪᕙᒃᑐᒥᓂᖅ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᓐ ᖃᓂᒋᓪᓗᓂᒋᑦ ᐱᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ. ᐅᖓᑎᒃᑲᓂᖓᓄᓪᓗ, ᐱᖃᓯᐅᑎᓯᒪᓐᓂᕋᒥᒋᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᑕᒫᑦ ᑕᐃᒫᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓅᓇᓱᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐱᓪᓚᕆᐅᑎᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᐊᑦᓯᕙᓐᓂᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᓱᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᒃ, ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᕕᒥᓂᕐᓂᓗ ᐱᒋᔭᐅᕙᑦᑐᒥᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᐅᒐᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᓐ ᑎᑭᐅᔾᔭᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᒥᐊᓕᒐᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓄᓐ. ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐸᐅᖃᓯᐅᑎᓐᓂᕐᒥᔪᖅᑕᐅᖅ ᓂᐱᓂᒃ ᓂᐱᓕᐅᕆᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓯᑐᖃᕐᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᑐᐊᓂᓪᓗ. ᕗᕌᓐᔅ ᐳᐊᔅ ᑎᓕᓯᔾᔪᑎᒋᔭᖓᓂᒃ, ᑰᒧ ᓴᓇᓐᓂᕐᒥᔪᖅᑕᐅᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓕᐊᕆᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑮᓇᖏᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑮᓇᑉᐸᓕᐊᕆᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᐃᒃᑯᓇᖓᑦ ᐊᖏᖅᑐᒥᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᑕᐃᒫᒃ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐅᑯᐊ ᑕᒡᒐ ᕗᕆᐊᑦ ᑲᓚᐳᕆᐊᑕᐅᑉ (Fred Calabretta) ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒥᓂᖏ ᑳᐱᑕᐃ ᑰᒨᑉ ᑐᓂᓯᓂᒥᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᓯᒍᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ:

ᐱᓇᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᒥᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᓴᖅᑭᖅᑐᒥᓃᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᓯᖅᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᖅᓯᐅᕆᕙᓐᓂᕐᒧᓐ, ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᔪᕕᓃᑦ, ᓄᓇᙳᐊᓕᐅᕐᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒋᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑕᒥᒍᓪᓗ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕕᒋᕙᑦᑕᒥᓂᕐᒥᒍᑦ. ᐃᓚᒍᓯᐅᑎᓗᒍ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᓯᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᑦᓯᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᑎᒍᑦ, ᑰᒧ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᖃᕐᓂᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᔾᔨᓕᐅᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᐃᑦᓴᕐᓂᑕᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᒡᓛᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓂᐱᓂᒃ ᓂᐱᓕᐅᕆᖃᑦᑕᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕐᒥᓂ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᖅᑳᖅᐸᑦᑐᒥᓂᕐᓂᓪᓗ [...].ᐊᓚᒡᒐᐃᓂᖅᐹᖅ, ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦᑕᐅᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᒐᓚᓐᓂ ᑕᑯᑦᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᓪᓚᕆᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᐊᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂ, ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᒥᓃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᖏᖅᓱᐊᓗᒻᒥᐅᑦ. ᐊᔾᔨᓕᕆᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᖁᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᒍᓐᓇᖅᑕᒥᓂᖓ ᐃᖅᑲᓇᐃᔮᕆᓪᓗᓂᐅᒃ ᑰᒨᑉ ᑕᒪᑐᒪᖓᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ (Calabretta 1984: 118).